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Vol. 48 No. 6, 2009
Molecular Phylogeny and Genetic Differentiation of the Tanakia himantegus Complex (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Taiwan and China
Chia-Hao Chang1, Wen-Wen Lin2, Yi-Ta Shao3, Ryoichi Arai4, Toshihiro Ishinabe5, Takayoshi Ueda6, Masaru Matsuda7, Hitoshi Kubota8, Feng-Yu Wang1, Nian-Hong Jang-Liaw9, and Hsiao-Wei Kao10,*
1Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Jiaoshi, Ilan County 262, Taiwan
2Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
3Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
4Department of Zoology, University Museum, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
5Kannonzaki Nature Museum, Yokosuka 239-0813, Japan
6Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
7Center for BioScience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
8Tochigi Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, Ohtawara 324-0404, Japan
9Department of Zoology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuang-Chien Rd., Taichung 404, Taiwan
10Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
Chia-Hao
Chang, Wen-Wen Lin, Yi-Ta Shao, Ryoichi Arai, Toshihiro Ishinabe,
Takayoshi Ueda, Masaru Matsuda, Hitoshi Kubota, Feng-Yu Wang, Nian-Hong
Jang-Liaw, and Hsiao-Wei Kao (2009) Tanakia himantegus himantegus is a subspecies endemic to Taiwan (referred as the Taiwanese himantegus), while T. himantegus chii is distributed in both Taiwan (referred as the Taiwanese chii) and China (referred as the Chinese chii). We analyzed the complete cytochrome (Cyt) b DNA sequences of 61 specimens of the T. himantegus complex (including the Taiwanese chii, Chinese chii, and Taiwanese himantegus)
to infer their phylogeny, genetic differentiation, and historical
demography. Both Bayesian and maximum-likelihood trees showed
that the Taiwanese chii, Chinese chii, and Taiwanese himantegus are 3 monophyletic groups. Among them, the Taiwanese chii clustered with the Chinese chii. The average pairwise genetic distance (HKY + G) between the Taiwanese chii and Chinese chii was 6.8%, which is smaller than 10.8% (distance between the Taiwanese chii and Taiwanese himantegus) and 11.8% (distance between the Chinese chii and Taiwanese himantegus). The results suggest that the Taiwanese chii is phylogenetically closer to the Chinese chii than to the Taiwanese himantegus. Sequence analyses showed that the Taiwanese chii has smaller genetic diversity (h = 0.771, π = 0.0014) than the Chinese chii (h = 0.927, π = 0.0087) and Taiwanese himantegus (h = 0.879, π
= 0.0066). The AMOVA revealed that about 92.8% of the genetic
variance among sequences can be explained by differences among the 3
monophyletic groups (Taiwanese chii, Chinese chii, and Taiwanese himantegus). A unimodal mismatch distribution with a positively skewed distribution for the Taiwanese chii
suggests that it has recently experienced sudden population
expansions. Bimodal or ragged mismatch distributions for the
Chinese chii and Taiwanese himantegus suggest that they are either admixtures of 2 expanding populations or stable populations. The origin of the Taiwanese chii is discussed based on the geographical history of Taiwan, records of fish collection, and phylogenetic analyses.
Key words: Acheilognathinae, Cytochrome b gene, Mismatch distribution, Phylogeny.
*Correspondence: Tel: 886-4-22840416 ext. 111 or 112. E-mail:hkao@dragon.nchu.edu.tw
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