Vol. 63, 2024

(update: 2024.11.11)

Hole Size Matters: An Indirect Method for Measuring Gall Wasp Community Emergence?

Ricardo Clark-Tapia¹, Victor Aguirre-Hidalgo

¹,

²,

¹,

*

¹Instituto de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad de la Sierra Juárez, Avenida Universidad S/N, Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca 68725, México. E-mail: rclark@unsij.edu.mx (Clark-Tapia ), victor@unsij.edu.mx (Aguirre-Hidalgo), liana@unsij.edu.mx (Alfonso-Corrado)
²Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Biologia Animal Avda. Diagonal, 645. 08026 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: jpujade@ub.edu (Pujade-Villar )
³Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 Carretera Aguascalientes -S.L.P., El Llano Aguascalientes, México. C.P. 20330. *Correspondence: E-mail: ftafoya@yahoo.com (Tafoya)

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:d2cb4d9f-6852-4279-af78-99f89cbb2f6a
(Received 21 November 2023 / Accepted 26 June 2024 / Published 11 November 2024)
Communicated by Y. Miles Zhang

Quantifying the abundance and diversity of small insects, especially those with specific environmental associations or hidden habitats, can be challenging using direct methods. Galls are specialized microhabitats that host a wide range of interactions between species. However, assessing their abundance and associated community diversity takes time and effort. In this study, we propose an indirect approach using the size of gall emergence holes to estimate the abundance of gall wasps (Cynipini) and their associated wasp species. We examined eight different types of gall structures collected in the temperate forest of Mexico. We identified every gall-emerging individual, classifying them as gall inducer, inquiline, or parasitoid. Kruskal-Wallis test, correlation analysis and mixed linear model (LMM) were used to evaluate differences between mesosoma size and gall’s hole size for each emerged species in each gall type. Our results showed that mesosoma and hole size significantly differed between Cynipini wasps and their associated wasp species. LMM showed a significant relationship between the mesosoma body and the size diameter of the emergence hole among the analyzed wasp species. Upon validating the method, a low emergence rate and low abundance of the studied Cynipini wasps were observed, attributed to negative interactions and inadequate development of the wasps. We emphasize the potential of gall emergence hole size as an indicator of species abundance and emergence rates within Cynipini gall complexes. Furthermore, strategies are discussed to improve their effectiveness and reliability in future studies to increase our understanding of the ecological dynamics and evolutionary processes of gall-forming wasps.

Key words: Cynipini, Diameter, Mesosoma, Negative interactions, Wasp

Citation: Clark-Tapia R, Aguirre-Hidalgo V, Pujade-Villar J, Alfonso-Corrado C, Tafoya F. 2024. Hole size matters: An indirect method for measuring gall wasp community emergence? Zool Stud 63:35. doi:10.6620/ZS.2024.63-35.

Supplementary materials: Table S1