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Vol. 64, 2025
Understanding the Global Dynamics
of Pyrethroid Resistance-related kdr
mutations in Aedes (Stegomyia)
aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762)
(Diptera: Culicidae)
Bryan
Steven Valencia-Marín1,2 , Oscar Alexander
Aguirre-Obando2,3, Angela María Palacio-Cortés1, Patrícia Lawane de Freitas1, Juliane Maria Vink1, and Mário Antônio Navarro-Silva1,*
doi:-
1Laboratório
de Morfologia e Fisiologia de Culicidae e Chironomidae, Departamento de
Zoologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná,
Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim
das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
*Correspondence: E-mail: mnavarro@ufpr.br (Navarro-Silva)
E-mail:bsvalenciam@uqvirtual.edu.co (Valencia-Marín);
anpalacioc@gmail.com (Palacio-Cortés); patricialawane@gmail.com (de
Freitas); jumvink@gmail.com (Vink)
2Escuela de Investigación en Biomatemática, Facultad
de Ciencias Básicas y Tecnologías, Universidad del Quindío. Carrera 15
Calle 12 Norte, Armenia, Colombia. E-mail:
oscaraguirre@uniquindio.edu.co (Aguirre-Obando)
3Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío.
Carrera 15 Calle 12 Norte, Armenia, Colombia
(Received 23 December 2024 /
Accepted 29 May 2025 / Published -- 2025)
Communicated by John Wang
Among
the mechanisms of insecticide resistance, knockdown resistance (kdr), causes alterations in the
functioning of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav), which
is the target site for pyrethroids (PYs) and dichloro diphenyl
chloroethane (DDT). In Aedes aegypti,
13 kdr mutations associated
with PYs resistance have been identified, with V410L, V1016I, V1016G,
and F1534C being the most reported mutations in the literature. To
assess global and temporal trends in the allelic frequencies of these
V410L, V1016I/G and F1534C mutations, a PRISMA-guided systematic review
was conducted to analyzed their distribution and frequency,
incorporating new genotyping data from five southeastern Brazilian
populations. Genotyping in these populations was performed using
allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR), thereby complementing the findings of the
review. The results revealed that, out of a total of 187 studies, the
F1534C mutation is the most studied (144 studies) and has the widest
geographical distribution (47 countries, 4 continents), followed by the
V410L, V1016I, and V1016G mutations. In southeast Brazil, resistant
alleles were detected both individually and in co-occurrence (e.g., V410L + V1016I + F1534C), and
were associated with PY resistance. These mutations alter Nav, reducing
insecticide binding affinity and leading to high-level
resistance—particularly when specific genotypic combinations are
present. Their global spread poses a significant threat to A. aegypti control efforts, as PYs
remain a cornerstone of public health interventions. Urgent, systematic
monitoring of kdr allele
frequencies and their synergistic effects is essential to optimize
insecticide rotation strategies and prevent operational failures. This
calls for coordinated international efforts to develop adaptive control
strategies.
Keywords: Insectide resistance,
Vector control, F1534C, Knockdown resistance, Voltage-gated sodium
channel
Citation: Valencia-Marín BS,
Aguirre-Obando OA, Palacio-Cortés AM, de Freitas PL, Vink JM,
Navarro-Silva MA. 2025. Understanding the global dynamics of pyrethroid
resistance-related kdr
mutations in Aedes (Stegomyia)
aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762)
(Diptera: Culicidae). Zool Stud 64:31.
Supplementary
materials: Table S1丨Table S2丨Table S3丨Table S4丨Table S5丨Table
S6丨Table S7丨Table S8丨Table S9丨Table S10
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