Our latest research in Telmatobius provides insight into the population genetic structure of Telmatobius pefauri, a water frog species which inhabits Andean-origin streams in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile. We found a hierarchical pattern of genetic differentiation where localities present in the same drainage, Tignamar River, were less differentiated and showed higher gene flow levels among them than to their conspecifics belonging to the other drainage in the same basin, Seco River, and those belonging to another basin, Lluta basin, showing the influence of the drainage network on the population genetic structure of this native aquatic species.