Ryotaro Manabe,
Takatoshi Higuchi,
Shun Watanabe*§,
Fadly Y. Tantu*§,
Hagi Y. Sugeha,
Hiroki Kaneko,
Michael J. Miller,
Seishi Hagihara,
Tatsuki Yoshinaga,
Augy Syahailatua,
Sam Wouthuyzen,
Triyanto,
Kawilarang W. A. Masengi,
Katsufumi Sato,
Jun Aoyama,
Katsumi Tsukamoto
Ryotaro Manabe
Ainan Fisheries Division, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Promotion Department of the Nanyo Regional Bureau, Ehime Prefectural Government, 2420 Johenko, Ainan-cho Minamiuwa-gun, Ehime 798-4194, Japan.
Takatoshi Higuchi
Center for International and Local Research Cooperation, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-19-8 Akahama, Otsuchi, Iwate 028-1102, Japan
UMR BOREA [MNHN, CNRS, SU, IRD, UCN, UA], Station Marine de Dinard, 38 rue du Port Blanc 35800 Dinard, France.
Shun Watanabe
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631‑8505, Japan.
Fadly Y. Tantu
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Fishery, Tadulako University, Jl. Soekarno Hatta Km 9 Palu, 94118 Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Hagi Y. Sugeha
Research Centre for Oceanography - National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia.
Hiroki Kaneko
Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
Michael J. Miller
Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
Seishi Hagihara
Nanae Freshwater Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 2-9-1, Sakura-cho, Nanae, Kameda-gun, Hokkaido 041-1105, Japan.
Tatsuki Yoshinaga
School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1‑15‑1 Kitasato, Minami‑ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252‑0373, Japan.
Augy Syahailatua
Research Centre for Oceanography - National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
Research Centre for Collaboration on Aquatic Ecosystem in Eastern Indonesia. Jl. Ir. Putuhena, Ambon 97233, Indonesia.
Sam Wouthuyzen
Research Centre for Oceanography - National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
Research Centre for Collaboration on Aquatic Ecosystem in Eastern Indonesia. Jl. Ir. Putuhena, Ambon 97233, Indonesia.
Triyanto
Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources-National Research and Innovation Agency, JL. Raya Bogor Km 46. Bogor 16911 Indonesia.
Kawilarang W. A. Masengi
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Jl. Kampus UNSRAT Bahu, Manado, Sulawesi Utara 95115, Indonesia.
Katsufumi Sato
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.
Jun Aoyama
Center for International and Local Research Cooperation, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-19-8 Akahama, Otsuchi, Iwate 028-1102, Japan.
Katsumi Tsukamoto
Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
Communicated by Hin-Kiu Mok
The tropical Celebes eel, Anguilla celebesensis, has a short migration between its spawning and growth habitats. Its spawning areas were hypothesized to be in Tomini Bay and the Celebes Sea after collecting their small leptocephali. However, there is no information about the silver eel oceanic spawning migration behavior of A. celebesensis. To better understand their short-distance spawning migration behavior, four large female silver eels (Eel 1–4) were equipped with pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) and released near the mouth of the Poso River in Tomini Bay of Sulawesi Island on 22 February (Eel 1–3) and 11 March 2010 (Eel 4). All PSATs ascended in Tomini Bay and transmitted their data. Eel 3 and 4 provided clear records of consistent diel vertical migration (DVM: eight days-Eel 3, 13 days-Eel 4) with daytime dives to mean depths of 444.7 m (Eel 3) and 539.0 m (Eel 4), where mean temperatures were 9.1°C (Eel 3) and 7.7°C (Eel 4), and nighttime ascents to mean depths of 132.8 m (Eel 3) and 112.4 m (Eel 4), where mean temperatures were 20.6°C (Eel 3) and 23.4°C (Eel 4). Eel 3 and 4 started to dive to deeper water around nautical dawn and swam up to shallower water around sunset. During nighttime, both eels swam in deeper and colder water during nights with moonlight than during nights without moonlight, and there was a negative linear relationship between experienced water temperatures with the moon in the sky and the lunar age for the eels. The A. celebesensis daily rhythm of DVM behaviors was similar to spawningmigration DVM behaviors of other anguillid species. Essential life history characteristics of A. celebesensis appear to be a short migration between freshwater growth habitat and ocean spawning habitat, and high GSI values with advanced gonadal development in downstream-migrating silver eels.
Supplementary materials
A higher resolution bathymetry map showing release (yellow star) and pop-up locations of the four tagged Celebes eels (red circles) in Tomini Bay.
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The depth changes of water temperature (red dots), salinity (blue dots), sigma-t (orange dots), and chlorophyll-a (green dots) in the upper 1000 m at the CTD hydrographic station in Tomini Bay (black circle in Fig. 1) during KH-09-5. These data of water temperature were used to compare to experienced swimming depth and water temperature from the PSATs data.
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Differences between tag-recorded and observed environmental temperatures in the CTD hydrographic cast for Eel 1 (A), Eel 2 (B), Eel 3 (C), and Eel 4 (D). The gray shaded areas show the same temperatures ranges (-4 to 4°C).
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The means and standard deviations of swimming depths and experienced water temperatures separated into four phases of daytime, ascent, nighttime, and descent during DVM behavior (II) of Eel 3 and 4.
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The means and standard deviations of swimming depths and experienced water temperatures with moon and without moon of Eel 3 and 4 that showed DVM behavior (II) in nighttime.
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